5–7 This monitoring will be beneficial for diagnostics, for example, real time heart-beat observation, 8 on time medical interventions 9 and ultimately leading to longer and healthier lives. These devices play a key role in our daily lives, not only for leisure but also to an increasing degree for monitoring/adjusting biological systems, including in vivo processes. 1–4 Mechanical energy harvesting is one of the front-runners to sustainably power micro-devices. Alternative renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, wind and tidal energy are helping in the de-carbonization of the power sector. Both areas are inherently linked clean and renewable energy sources are needed to keep up with our worldwide demand sustainably and, at the same time, reduce the negative impacts of global warming and environmental pollution. Introduction In addition to the rapid technological and social development of our societies, we intensively strive for a healthier life. Her research focusses on creating functional biointerfaces to understand and control biological systems, but also on how to use biological materials or bioinspired strategies to create functional materials. She is a Principal Investigator of MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. Jenny Malmström is a senior lecturer at the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Auckland. His broad experience range from assay development and research into Covid-19 immunity tests to characterization of biopiezoelectricity. Sjoerd Deijs is a bio-molecular scientist with broad experience in biotechnologies. His passion for biology and materials engineering pushed him to pursue higher education in Master of Engineering, where he joined Dr Jenny Malmström's research group to investigate the piezoelectric properties of Bovine tendon collagen and apo-haemoglobin fibrils. For his fourth-year project, he undertook research to investigate the effect of teeth's exposure to coke on its mechanical properties. Ratanak Lay holds a Bachelor of Chemical & Materials Engineering from the University of Auckland. This paper attempts to explain the basis of piezoelectricity in biological and non-biological materials and research involved in those materials as well as applications and limitations of each type of piezoelectric material. Thus, they are useful for many applications such as tissue engineering, biomedical and energy harvesting.

On the other hand, biological piezoelectric materials are biodegradable, biocompatible, abundant, low in toxicity and are easy to fabricate. Traditional piezoelectric inorganics show high piezoelectric outputs but are often brittle, inflexible and may contain toxic compounds such as lead. A growing amount of research has been done to investigate the energy harvesting potential of this phenomenon. Piezoelectricity, a linear electromechanical coupling, is of great interest due to its extensive applications including energy harvesters, biomedical, sensors, and automobiles.

Piezo electric characteristics